【Java】Thread类中的join()方法原理

简介

join()是Thread类的一个方法。根据jdk文档的定义:

public final void join()throws InterruptedException: Waits for this thread to die.

join()方法的作用,是等待这个线程结束;但显然,这样的定义并不清晰。个人认为”Java 7 Concurrency Cookbook”的定义较为清晰:

join() method suspends the execution of the calling thread until the object called finishes its execution.

也就是说,t.join()方法阻塞调用此方法的线程(calling thread),直到线程t完成,此线程再继续;通常用于在main()主线程内,等待其它线程完成再结束main()主线程。我们来看看下面的例子。

例子

我们对比一下下面这两个例子,看看使用join()方法的作用是什么?

  1. 不使用join()方法的情况:
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public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("MainThread run start.");

//启动一个子线程
Thread threadA = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("threadA run start.");
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("threadA run finished.");
}
});
threadA.start();

System.out.println("MainThread join before");
System.out.println("MainThread run finished.");
}

运行结果如下:

MainThread run start.
threadA run start.
MainThread join before
MainThread run finished.
threadA run finished.

因为上述子线程执行时间相对较长,所以是在主线程执行完毕之后才结束。

  1. 使用了join()方法的情况:
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public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("MainThread run start.");

//启动一个子线程
Thread threadA = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("threadA run start.");
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("threadA run finished.");
}
});
threadA.start();

System.out.println("MainThread join before");
try {
threadA.join(); //调用join()
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("MainThread run finished.");
}

运行结果如下:

MainThread run start.
threadA run start.
MainThread join before
threadA run finished.
MainThread run finished.

对子线程threadA使用了join()方法之后,我们发现主线程会等待子线程执行完成之后才往后执行。

join()的原理和作用

java层次的状态转换图

我们来深入源码了解一下join():

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//Thread类中
public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
join(0);
}


public final synchronized void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException {
long base = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取当前时间
long now = 0;

if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}

if (millis == 0) { //这个分支是无限期等待直到b线程结束
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else { //这个分支是等待固定时间,如果b没结束,那么就不等待了。
while (isAlive()) {
long delay = millis - now;
if (delay <= 0) {
break;
}
wait(delay);
now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
}
}
}

我们重点关注一下这两句,无限期等待的情况::

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while (isAlive()) {
wait(0); //wait操作,那必然有synchronized与之对应
}

注意这个wait()方法是Object类中的方法,再来看sychronized的是谁:

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public final synchronized void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException { ... }

成员方法加了synchronized说明是synchronized(this),this是谁啊?this就是threadA子线程对象本身。也就是说,主线程持有了threadA这个对象的锁。

大家都知道,有了wait(),必然有notify(),什么时候才会notify呢?在jvm源码里:

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// 位于/hotspot/src/share/vm/runtime/thread.cpp中
void JavaThread::exit(bool destroy_vm, ExitType exit_type) {
// ...

// Notify waiters on thread object. This has to be done after exit() is called
// on the thread (if the thread is the last thread in a daemon ThreadGroup the
// group should have the destroyed bit set before waiters are notified).
// 有一个贼不起眼的一行代码,就是这行
ensure_join(this);

// ...
}


static void ensure_join(JavaThread* thread) {
// We do not need to grap the Threads_lock, since we are operating on ourself.
Handle threadObj(thread, thread->threadObj());
assert(threadObj.not_null(), "java thread object must exist");
ObjectLocker lock(threadObj, thread);
// Ignore pending exception (ThreadDeath), since we are exiting anyway
thread->clear_pending_exception();
// Thread is exiting. So set thread_status field in java.lang.Thread class to TERMINATED.
java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(threadObj(), java_lang_Thread::TERMINATED);
// Clear the native thread instance - this makes isAlive return false and allows the join()
// to complete once we've done the notify_all below
java_lang_Thread::set_thread(threadObj(), NULL);

// 同志们看到了没,别的不用看,就看这一句
// thread就是当前线程,是啥?就是刚才例子中说的threadA线程啊。
lock.notify_all(thread);

// Ignore pending exception (ThreadDeath), since we are exiting anyway
thread->clear_pending_exception();
}

当子线程threadA执行完毕的时候,jvm会自动唤醒阻塞在threadA对象上的线程,在我们的例子中也就是主线程。至此,threadA线程对象被notifyall了,那么主线程也就能继续跑下去了。

可以看出,join()方法实现是通过wait()(小提示:Object 提供的方法)。 当main线程调用threadA.join时候,main线程会获得线程对象threadA的锁(wait 意味着拿到该对象的锁),调用该对象的wait(等待时间),直到该对象唤醒main线程 (也就是子线程threadA执行完毕退出的时候)

总结

首先join() 是一个synchronized方法, 里面调用了wait(),这个过程的目的是让持有这个同步锁的线程进入等待,那么谁持有了这个同步锁呢?答案是主线程,因为主线程调用了threadA.join()方法,相当于在threadA.join()代码这块写了一个同步代码块,谁去执行了这段代码呢,是主线程,所以主线程被wait()了。然后在子线程threadA执行完毕之后,JVM会调用lock.notify_all(thread);唤醒持有threadA这个对象锁的线程,也就是主线程,会继续执行。

参考资料

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